How to Become a Pilot (Step-by-Step Guide)

A pilot is a highly trained professional who operates and navigates aircraft. They are responsible for the safe and efficient transportation of passengers or cargo. Pilots undergo rigorous training to master flight controls, instrument reading, navigation, and emergency procedures. Their role demands strong technical abilities, situational awareness, and effective communication skills.

Becoming a pilot is an exciting and rewarding path, but it requires dedication, training, and meeting specific requirements. Here’s a comprehensive guide:

Types of Pilot Licenses

Various types of pilot licenses are issued by the Civil Aviation Authority, from recreational to airline pilots.

• Student Pilot Licence (SPL): The SPL marks the initial phase of pilot training, enabling individuals to learn to fly under the guidance of a certified flight instructor (CFI). SPL holders have limitations on the types of aircraft they can fly and must operate under specified parameters.
• Private Pilot Licence (PPL): Widely recognized, the PPL grants individuals the ability to fly for personal or recreational purposes. PPL holders are authorized to pilot most single-engine aircraft and carry passengers, but they are not permitted to engage in commercial operations for compensation.
• Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL): The CPL is a professional pilot license that permits individuals to fly for compensation or hire. Holders of CPL can pursue various aviation roles, including charter flights, aerial photography, training flights (flight instructor), and flight testing.
• Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL): This is the highest qualification for a pilot. Considered the pinnacle of pilot qualification, the ATPL allows individuals to serve as pilots-in-command (PIC) on large commercial aircraft and work within airline operations. Obtaining an ATPL requires a significant amount of flying experience and specialized training.

Eligibility Requirements

• You must have a Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) with Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics as mandatory subjects. If you are not a science student, you can take the required topics as a private candidate through a state board or at the National Institute of Open Schooling.
• The minimum age requirement for a Student Pilot License (SPL) is 16 years. To be eligible for a Private Pilot License (PPL), you should be at least 17 years old. For obtaining a Commercial Pilot License (CPL), you must be at least 18 years old.
• You must be proficient in reading, writing, speaking, and understanding English.
• You must have a minimum height: of 5ft 2in (157cm) & maximum height: of 6ft 3in (191cm).
• Vision must be perfect for pilots. Corrected vision to 6/6 is allowed. However, color blindness is not at all allowed. This is because those people will find it difficult to recognize buttons, lights, or controls in an aircraft or ground.

English Proficiency

Pilots must demonstrate proficiency in English as per ICAO standards, as it is the universal language of aviation. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has set six levels of English language proficiency for aviation:

• Level 1 (Pre-elementary): Very basic understanding of English.
• Level 2 (Elementary): Simple understanding of English.
• Level 3 (Pre-intermediate): Limited working proficiency in English.
• Level 4 (Intermediate): Working proficiency in English.
• Level 5 (Upper Intermediate): Good operational proficiency in English.
• Level 6 (Expert): Expert proficiency in English.

The minimum level of English language proficiency required for pilots flying internationally is Level 4. However, many airlines require their pilots to have a higher level of proficiency, such as Level 5 or even Level 6.

Medical Fitness

Obtain a Class 1 medical certificate from an aviation medical examiner (AME). 1st Class Medical Certificate is essential for airline pilots and those who fly regularly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) conditions. It ensures their health and fitness to operate aircraft safely.

There are 1st Class, 2nd Class, and 3rd Class medical certificates.

1st, 2nd, and 3rd Class medical certificates are different levels of medical certification required for pilots depending on the type of flying they do. They are issued by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the US and similar regulatory bodies elsewhere. Here’s a breakdown:

• First Class Medical Certificate: This is the highest class of medical certificate and is required for pilots who operate commercial airline flights as well as certain other types of aviation operations. First Class Medical Certificates are generally required for pilots of scheduled passenger airlines and cargo airlines. These certificates have the most stringent medical requirements and are typically valid for the shortest duration, usually one year for pilots under the age of 40 and six months for pilots over 40.
• Second Class Medical Certificate: Second Class Medical Certificates are required for pilots who operate commercial flights other than those requiring a First Class Medical Certificate. This includes pilots operating as commercial pilots in non-airline roles, such as charter pilots or flight instructors. The medical requirements for a Second Class Medical Certificate are slightly less stringent than those for a First Class Medical Certificate, and they are usually valid for two years.
• Third Class Medical Certificate: Third Class Medical Certificates are required for pilots who operate private, recreational, or student pilot flights. These certificates have the least stringent medical requirements and are typically valid for the longest duration, usually five years for pilots under the age of 40 and two years for pilots over 40. Third Class Medical Certificates are also required for certain other types of operations, such as sport pilot operations.

Duties and Responsibilities of a Pilot

A pilot is a skilled aviator who operates and navigates aircraft. They are responsible for the safe and efficient transportation of passengers, cargo, or both. Here are some of the core duties and responsibilities of a pilot:

• Pilots ensure the smooth operation of the aircraft, prioritizing the safety of passengers, flight crew, and cargo. During flights, pilots stay connected with air traffic staff for weather updates, route adjustments, and emergency coordination.
• Pilots create detailed flight plans, considering factors like aircraft model, performance, weather conditions, temperature, visibility, and wind direction.
• Before takeoff, pilots conduct thorough pre-flight checks which include reviewing flight logbooks, test controls, and equipment, receiving weather briefings, and confirming passenger count, cargo weight, fuel levels, and takeoff instructions.
• After landing, they coordinate with ground staff to taxi the aircraft to an available runway.
• Respond to emergencies – their quick reactions and ability to keep passengers and cabin crew calm are crucial during crises.
• Pilots constantly monitor engine performance, navigation instruments, and other systems to ensure everything is functioning properly.
• Follow strict airline policies and procedures (SOPs).

Skills Required to Become a Pilot

Becoming a pilot demands a diverse skill set to navigate the complexities of aviation safely and efficiently.

• Communication Skills: Pilots rely on strong verbal and written communication abilities to interact effectively with air traffic control, crew members, and passengers, ensuring clear and concise exchanges of vital information.
• Situational Awareness: Pilots must maintain a heightened awareness of their surroundings, including aircraft systems, instrumentation, and weather conditions, enabling them to make informed decisions throughout a flight.
• Problem-Solving Skills: Pilots must possess adept problem-solving skills to address challenges and manage emergencies swiftly and effectively, requiring quick thinking, analysis, and decisive action.
• Decision Making: Pilots must exhibit sound judgment and decisive decision-making abilities, weighing various factors to determine the safest course of action for the aircraft and its occupants.
• Eye-Hand Coordination: Precise operation of aircraft controls demands strong hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity to navigate the skies with accuracy and precision.
• Attention to Detail: Meticulous attention to detail is crucial in aviation to ensure adherence to procedures, thorough checklist completion, and vigilant monitoring of aircraft systems and instruments for optimal performance and safety.
• Multitasking Skills: Pilots often juggle multiple responsibilities simultaneously, including communication with air traffic control, monitoring instruments, and navigating the flight path, necessitating the ability to multitask efficiently under pressure.
• Emotional Stability: Pilots must have emotional resilience and the ability to effectively manage stress in challenging situations, maintaining focus and composure to make sound decisions for the well-being of the crew and passengers.
• Teamwork and Leadership: Collaboration and leadership skills are essential for pilots to work effectively as part of a team, coordinating with fellow crew members and ground personnel to ensure seamless operations and safe flight execution.

Flight School for Pilot Training

Enroll in a reputable flight school accredited by the aviation authority in your country (e.g., Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States, European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in Europe, etc.).

Flight schools, also known as flying schools, are institutions that provide training for individuals who want to learn how to fly aircraft.

See: Detailed Syllabus for Pilot Training – CPL/ATPL

Flight training typically consists of two main components:

• Ground Training: Learn theoretical aspects of flying. This involves classroom instruction on topics such as flight rules, flight operations, air traffic control, aeronautical maps and charts, navigation, and radio communication.
• Flying Training: Gain practical flying experience under the supervision of certified flight instructors (CFIs). This is the practical part of the training where students get hands-on experience in flying an aircraft under supervision which includes mastering maneuvers, navigation techniques, emergency procedures, and cross-country flights.

Here is a list of top flying schools across the globe that you must consider:

1. Flight Safety Academy, USA
2. CTC Wings, Europe
3. Singapore Flying College
4. CAE Oxford Aviation Academy
5. Ardmore Flying School, New Zealand
6. Pan AM International Flying Academy

The training cost of becoming an airline pilot can vary significantly based on factors like location, flight school, and individual choices.

• In the US, the total cost can range from $71,995 (starting with a PPL) to $91,995 (starting from scratch).
• In India, the minimum budget is around ₹32 lakh (approximately $46,000), but it can be higher depending on various factors.

Steps to Become a Commercial Pilot

Step 1: Obtain a Private Pilot License (PPL)

Start your journey by obtaining a PPL, which allows you to fly light aircraft for non-commercial purposes. The requirements for a PPL vary by country but typically include a minimum number of flight hours, solo flights, and passing written and practical exams. It takes around three months to earn your PPL.

Step 2: Accumulate Flight Hours

Build flight experience to meet the minimum hour requirements for a CPL, typically around 250 hours. You can gain these hours through various means such as flight training, recreational flying, or joining flying clubs.

Step 3: Complete CPL Training

Enroll in a CPL program from a reputable flight school to receive advanced flight training and ground instruction tailored to commercial piloting. CPL training focuses on refining your piloting skills, navigation techniques, and decision-making abilities. After PPL, it takes approximately two years to accumulate the required flight hours (usually 1500 hours) for CPL.

Step 4: Pass CPL Written and Practical Exams

Successfully complete written exams and a practical flight test administered by aviation authorities to obtain your Commercial Pilot License. This involves demonstrating proficiency in various flight maneuvers, emergency procedures, and aeronautical knowledge.

Step 5: Obtain an Instrument Rating

Pursue additional training to obtain an instrument rating, allowing pilots to fly in various weather conditions using navigation instruments. An instrument rating enhances your capabilities as a pilot and opens up opportunities for flying in challenging weather conditions or airspace.

Step 6: Obtain a Multi-Engine Rating

Obtain a multi-engine rating, which allows you to fly aircraft with more than one engine. This rating is often a requirement for commercial airline jobs and expands your skill set as a pilot.

Step 7: Gain Experience

Gain experience to expand career opportunities and qualify for specific aircraft. Consider gaining experience through flight instruction, aerial surveying, or other entry-level pilot positions to further develop your skills and knowledge.

Step 8: Apply for Jobs

Once fully qualified, apply for pilot positions with airlines, charter companies, or other aviation organizations. Network with industry professionals, attend job fairs, and utilize online job boards to explore job opportunities and start your career as a commercial pilot.

Step 9: Get a Flight Instructor Certificate

Consider obtaining a Flight Instructor certificate once you meet the requirements. Becoming a certificated flight instructor (CFI) allows pilots to earn a living flying while they gain the flight experience required by the airlines. Additionally, teaching others can deepen your understanding of aviation principles and enhance your skills as a pilot.

Step 10: Earn an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) Certification

As you gain experience and meet the necessary requirements, consider pursuing an Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certification. An ATP certificate is the highest level of pilot certification and is often required for captain positions at airlines or other advanced piloting roles.

Airline Cadet Program

An airline cadet program is a structured path designed to train aspiring pilots and prepare them for a career with a specific airline. These programs typically combine ground school education, flight simulation training, and real-world flying experience under the guidance of experienced instructors and airline mentors.

These programs are typically sponsored or organized by airlines themselves, although some independent flight training organizations may also offer similar programs in partnership with airlines.

Usually, it requires 10+2 (High School) with Physics and Mathematics. Some programs may require you to possess a private pilot license (PPL) before entering the program.

The program structure includes –

• Initial Training: This typically involves completing your Private Pilot License (PPL) and Commercial Pilot License (CPL), often through an approved flight school partnered with the airline.
• Type Rating: Once you have your CPL, you’ll receive training on a specific aircraft type operated by the airline, like Airbus A320 or Boeing 737.

Many airline cadet programs offer job placement opportunities for successful graduates. Airlines often prioritize hiring cadets who have successfully completed their training, as they have been trained according to the airline’s standards and procedures.

The Cadet Program is a fast-paced career path that provides a clear and structured path to a commercial pilot career with a specific airline. These programs provide a streamlined route from zero flight experience to becoming a professional airline pilot.

Note: Airline cadet programs can be expensive and once you enter a cadet program, you may be obligated to work for the sponsoring airline for a specific period after graduation.

What is Type Rating

A type rating is a specific certification that allows a pilot to fly a particular type or model of aircraft that requires additional training beyond the pilot’s existing qualifications. It’s essentially an endorsement on the pilot’s license that authorizes them to operate a specific aircraft type.

The need for a type rating arises when you step up to flying larger or more complex aircraft. Generally, a type rating is mandatory for pilots who fly:

• Large aircraft: Any aircraft with a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) exceeding 12,500 pounds (5,700 kg) usually requires a type rating. This includes most commercial airliners like Boeing 737s and Airbus A320s.
• Turbojet aircraft: Regardless of size, any aircraft powered by turbojet engines requires a type rating. This includes smaller business jets as well as large commercial airliners.
• Some complex aircraft: Even if they don’t fall under the weight or engine type categories, specific aircraft with complex systems or unique configurations might require a type rating. This is determined by aviation authorities on a case-by-case basis.

Airline Pilots vs. Commercial Pilots

Both airline pilots and commercial pilots are licensed to fly aircraft commercially, but there are some key differences between the two roles:

Both airline pilots and commercial pilots contribute significantly to the aviation industry. Choosing the right path depends on your individual preferences, career goals, and desired lifestyle.

Benefits of a Career as a Pilot

A career as a pilot can offer numerous benefits, both personally and professionally. Here are some of the key benefits:

• High earning potential: Pilots, especially those flying for major airlines or corporate aviation, can earn significant salaries. As pilots gain experience and advance in their careers, their earning potential typically increases.
• Travel opportunities: Pilots have the opportunity to travel to various destinations around the world as part of their jobs. This can provide opportunities to explore new places, experience different cultures, and meet people from diverse backgrounds.
• Job stability: The demand for pilots is generally stable, and the aviation industry is expected to continue growing in the long term. As a result, pilots often enjoy job security and opportunities for career advancement.
• Sense of accomplishment: Flying an aircraft is a challenging and rewarding experience. Pilots often derive a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment from mastering the skills required to operate an aircraft safely and effectively.
• Flexible schedule: While pilots work long hours, they often have flexible schedules with layovers and days off in between trips. This can be advantageous for those who value a work-life balance and the freedom to travel on their own time.
• Networking opportunities: Pilots have the opportunity to network with other professionals in the aviation industry, including fellow pilots, air traffic controllers, and aviation executives. This networking can lead to new career opportunities and professional connections.
• Prestige and respect: Being a pilot is often associated with prestige and respect in society. Pilots are seen as skilled professionals who play a vital role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of air travel.

Salary of Airline Pilot

The salary of an airplane pilot varies based on the size of the company, type of aircraft, and seniority. Airline pilots are paid according to the number of hours flown, with a maximum of 1,000 hours per year.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for airline pilots and copilots was $211,790 in May 2022. The median annual wage for commercial pilots was $103,910 in May 2022.