Detailed Training Outline for Pilot
- Air Law
- Airframe, Systems and Powerplant
- Instrumentation
- Mass and Balance
- Performance – Aeroplanes
- Flight planning and monitoring
- Performance – Helicopters
- Human Factors
- Meteorology
- General Navigation
- Radio Navigation
- Operational Procedures
- Principles of flight – Aeroplanes
- Principles of flight – Helicopters
- Communications
6. FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
| FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING |
| FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING |
| FLIGHT PLANNING FOR VFR FLIGHTS Remark: Using the GSPRM VFR charts. |
| VFR navigation plan |
| Airspace, communication, visual and radio‑navigation data from VFR charts |
| Select routes taking the following criteria into account: — classification of airspace; — restricted areas; — VFR semicircular rules; — visually conspicuous points; — radio-navigation aids. |
| Find the frequencies or identifiers of radio‑navigation aids from charts. |
| Find the communication frequencies and call signs for the following: — control agencies and service facilities; — flight information service (FIS); — weather information stations; — automatic terminal information service (ATIS). |
| Planning courses, distances and cruising levels with VFR charts |
| Choose visual waypoints in accordance with specified criteria (large, unique, contrast, vertical extent, etc.). |
| Measure courses and distances from a VFR chart. |
| Find the highest obstacle within a given distance on either side of the course. |
| Find the following data from a VFR chart and transfer them to a navigation plan: — waypoints or turning points; — distances; — true/magnetic courses. |
| Calculate the minimum pressure altitude with a given obstacle clearance or true altitude from a given altitude or pressure altitude from minimum grid-area altitude using outside air temperature (OAT) and QNH. |
| Calculate the vertical or horizontal distance and time to climb or descend to/from a given level or altitude with given data. |
| Explain how to determine the position of a significant VFR point for insertion into a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) flight plan, using the distance and bearing from an existing significant point and using coordinates. |
| Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory |
| Explain the reasons for studying the visual departure procedures and the available approach procedures. |
| Find all visual procedures which can be expected at the departure, destination and alternate aerodromes. |
| Find all relevant aeronautical and regulatory information required for VFR flight planning from the aerodrome charts or aerodrome directory. |
| Intentionally left blank |
| Completion of navigation plan |
| Calculate the true airspeed (TAS) from given aircraft performance data, altitude and OAT. |
| Calculate wind correction angles (WCAs), drift and ground speeds (GS). |
| Calculate individual and accumulated times for each leg to destination and alternate aerodromes. |
| FLIGHT PLANNING FOR IFR FLIGHTS Remark: Using the GSPRM IFR charts. |
| IFR navigation plan |
| Air traffic service (ATS) routes |
| Identify suitable routings by identifying all relevant aeronautical and regulatory information (including information published in the national aeronautical information publication (AIP)) required for IFR flight planning. |
| Identify and describe ATS routes (conventional, area navigation (RNAV), required navigation performance (RNP), conditional routes (CDRs), and direct routes). |
| Courses and distances from en-route charts |
| Determine courses and distances. |
| Determine bearings and distances of waypoints from radio-navigation aids. |
| Altitudes |
| Define the following altitudes: — minimum en-route altitude (MEA); — minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA); — minimum sector altitude (MSA); — minimum off-route altitude (MORA); — grid minimum off-route altitude (Grid MORA); — maximum authorised altitude (MAA); — minimum crossing altitude (MCA); — minimum holding altitude (MHA). |
| Extract the following altitudes from the chart(s): — MEA; — MOCA; — MSA; — MORA; — Grid MORA; — MAA; — MCA; — MHA. |
| State who is responsible for terrain separation during IFR flight inside and outside controlled airspace. |
| State the minimum obstacle clearance requirements for en-route IFR flight inside and outside controlled airspace. |
| State when a temperature error correction must be applied by either the pilot or ATC. |
| Identify and explain the use of minimum radar vectoring altitudes. |
| Calculate the minimum pressure altitude required with a given obstacle clearance, magnetic track, OAT, QNH and reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM)/non-RVSM information. |
| Calculate true altitude above a given datum using a given pressure altitude, OAT and QNH. |
| Standard instrument departure (SID) and standard instrument arrival (STAR) routes |
| State the reasons for studying SID and STAR charts. |
| State that SID and STAR charts show procedures only in a pictorial presentation style which may not be true to scale. |
| Interpret all data and information represented on SID and STAR charts, particularly: — routings; — distances; — courses; — radials; — altitudes/levels; — frequencies; — restrictions; — RNAV waypoints and non-RNAV intersection; — fly-over and fly-by waypoints. |
| Identify SID and STAR charts which might be relevant for a planned flight. |
| Define SID and STAR for RNAV only. |
| Describe the difference between SID/STAR, RNAV SID/STAR and RNAV SID/STAR overlay. |
| Instrument-approach charts |
| State the reasons for being familiar with instrument-approach procedures (IAPs) and appropriate data for departure, destination and alternate aerodromes. |
| Select IAPs appropriate for departure, destination and alternate aerodromes. |
| Interpret all procedures, data and information represented on instrument-approach charts, particularly: — courses and radials; — distances; — altitudes/levels/heights; — restrictions; — obstructions; — frequencies; — speeds and times; — decision altitudes/heights (DAs/Hs); — (DA/H) and minimum descent altitudes/heights (MDAs/Hs); — visibility and runway visual ranges (RVRs); — approach-light systems. |
| Explain the following IAP terms: — type A and B; — 2D and 3D; — CAT I, II and III; — precision approach (conventional and ground-based augmentation system (GBAS)); — non-precision approach (conventional and required navigation performance approach (RNP APCH) (lateral navigation (LNAV), LNAV/vertical navigation (VNAV), localiser performance (LP), localiser performance with vertical guidance (LPV), and required navigation performance authorisation required approach (RNP AR APCH)); — approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV) (APV Baro and APV satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS)). |
| Communications and radio-navigation planning data |
| Find the communication frequencies and call signs for aeronautical services for IFR flights from en‑route charts. |
| Find the frequency or identifiers of radio-navigation aids for IFR flights from en-route charts. |
| Completion of a manual navigation plan |
| Complete a navigation plan with the courses, distances and frequencies taken from charts. |
| Find the SID and STAR routes to be flown or to be expected. |
| Determine the position of top of climb (TOC) and top of descent (TOD) from given appropriate data. |
| Determine variation and calculate magnetic/true courses. |
| Calculate TAS from given aircraft performance data, altitude and OAT. |
| Calculate wind correction angles (WCAs)/drift and ground speeds (GSs). |
| Calculate individual and accumulated times for each leg to destination and alternate aerodromes. |
| Describe the advantages of global navigation satellite system/flight management computer (GNSS/FMC) equipment regarding: — automatic calculation and display of tracks and leg distances; — additional route information in the database (minimum altitudes, approach procedures); — time and fuel estimates over waypoints; — ability to adjust speed to arrive over a waypoint at a defined time; — time and fuel revisions based on predicted and actual wind. |
| Describe the limitations of using GNSS/FMC equipment: — pilot-inputted errors (flight levels, wind, temperature, fuel); — the effect of other than predicted wind on fuel and time estimates; — the effect of aircraftʼs non-standard configuration on flight management system (FMS) predictions. |
| FUEL PLANNING — OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS |
| General |
| Fuel planning (general) |
| Convert to volume, mass and density given in different units which are commonly used in aviation. |
| Determine relevant data, such as fuel capacity, fuel flow/ consumption at different power/thrust settings, altitudes and atmospheric conditions, from the flight manual. |
| Calculate the attainable flight time/range from given average fuel flow/consumption and available amount of fuel. |
| Calculate the required fuel from given average fuel flow/ consumption and required time/range to be flown. |
| Calculate the required fuel for a VFR flight from given forecast meteorological conditions. |
| State the minimum amount of remaining fuel required on arrival at the destination and alternate aerodromes/ heliports. |
| Explain and describe how to calculate nautical air miles (NAM) from nautical ground miles (NGM). |
| Calculate the required fuel for an IFR flight from given forecast meteorological conditions. |
| Pre-flight fuel planning for commercial flights |
| Taxi fuel |
| Determine the fuel required for engine start and taxiing by consulting the fuel-usage tables or graphs from the flight manual taking into account all the relevant conditions. |
| Trip fuel |
| Define trip fuel and name the segments of flight for which the trip fuel is relevant. |
| Determine the trip fuel for the flight by using data from the fuel tables or graphs from the flight manual. |
| Reserve fuel and its components |
| Contingency fuel |
| Explain the reasons for having contingency fuel. |
| Calculate the contingency fuel according to the applicable operational requirements. |
| Alternate fuel |
| Explain the reasons and regulations for having alternate fuel and name the segments of flight for which the alternate fuel is relevant. |
| Calculate the alternate fuel in accordance with the applicable operational requirements and relevant data from the navigation plan and the flight manual. |
| Final reserve fuel |
| Explain the reasons and regulations for having final reserve fuel. |
| Calculate the final reserve fuel for an aircraft in accordance with the applicable operational requirements and by using relevant data from the flight manual. |
| Additional fuel |
| Explain the reasons and regulations for having additional fuel. |
| Calculate the additional fuel for a flight in accordance with the applicable operational requirements. |
| Extra fuel |
| Explain the reasons and regulations for having extra fuel in accordance with the applicable operational requirements. |
| Calculate the possible extra fuel under given conditions. |
| Explain the fuel penalty incurred when loading extra fuel (i.e. the additional fuel consumption due to increased mass). |
| Calculation of total fuel and completion of the fuel section of the navigation plan (fuel plan) |
| Calculate the total fuel required for a given flight. |
| Complete the fuel plan. |
| Specific fuel-calculation procedures |
| Reduced contingency fuel procedure |
| Explain the reasons and regulations for reduced contingency fuel as stated in the applicable operational requirements. |
| Calculate the contingency fuel and trip fuel required in accordance with the reduced contingency fuel procedure. |
| Isolated aerodrome or heliport procedure |
| Explain the basic procedures for an isolated aerodrome or heliport as stated in the applicable operational requirements. |
| Calculate the additional fuel for aeroplanes or helicopters according to the isolated aerodrome or heliport procedures. |
| Predetermined-point procedure |
| Explain the basic idea of the predetermined-point procedure as stated in the applicable operational requirements. |
| Fuel-tankering |
| Explain the basic idea of fuel-tankering procedures. |
| Calculate how much fuel to tank by using given appropriate graphs, tables or data. |
| Intentionally left blank |
| PRE-FLIGHT PREPARATION |
| Notice to airmen (NOTAM) briefing |
| Ground- and satellite-based facilities and services |
| Check that the ground- and satellite-based facilities and services required for the planned flight are available and adequate. |
| Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes |
| Find and analyse the latest state at the departure, destination and alternate aerodromes, in particular for: — opening hours; — work in progress (WIP); — special procedures due to WIP; — obstructions; — changes of frequencies for communications, navigation aids and facilities. |
| Check that satellite-based facilities are available during the expected time of use. |
| Check that GBAS/SBAS augmentation is available during the expected time of use. |
| Airway routings and airspace structure |
| Find and analyse the latest en-route state for: — airway(s) or route(s); — restricted, danger and prohibited areas; — changes of frequencies for communications, navigation aids and facilities. |
| Pre-flight preparation of GNSS achievability |
| Define why it is important to check GNSS achievability. |
| Define receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), NOTAM and notice advisory to NavStar users (NANU) messages. |
| Explain the difference in use of augmented and non-augmented GNSS in connection with the achievability check. |
| Explain the difference in planned and unplanned outage of GNSS or SBAS. |
| Meteorological briefing |
| Intentionally left blank |
| Update of navigation plan using the latest meteorological information |
| Confirm the most fuel-efficient altitude from given wind, temperature and aircraft data. |
| Confirm true altitudes from given atmospheric data to ensure that statutory minimum clearance is attained. |
| Confirm magnetic headings and GSs. |
| Confirm the individual leg times and the total time en route. |
| Confirm the total time en route for the trip to the destination. |
| Confirm the total time from destination to the alternate aerodrome. |
| Intentionally left blank |
| Intentionally left blank |
| Update of fuel plan |
| Calculate the revised fuel data in accordance with the changed conditions. |
| Point of equal time (PET) and point of safe return (PSR) |
| Point of equal time (PET) |
| Define ‘PETʼ. |
| Calculate the position of a PET and the estimated time of arrival (ETA) at the PET from given relevant data. |
| Point of safe return (PSR) |
| Define ‘PSRʼ. |
| Calculate the position of a PSR and the ETA at the PSR from given relevant data. |
| ICAO FLIGHT PLAN (ATS flight plan (FPL)) |
| Individual FPL |
| Format of FPL |
| State the reasons for a fixed format of an ICAO ATS FPL. |
| Determine the correct entries to complete an ATS FPL plus decode and interpret the entries in a completed ATS FPL, particularly for the following: — aircraft identification (Item 7); — flight rules and type of flight (Item 8); — number and type of aircraft and wake‑turbulence category (Item 9); — equipment (Item 10); — departure aerodrome and time (Item 13); — route (Item 15); — destination aerodrome, total estimated elapsed time and alternate aerodrome (Item 16); — other information (Item 18); — supplementary information (Item 19). |
| Intentionally left blank |
| Repetitive flight plan (RPL) |
| Repetitive flight plan (RPL) |
| Explain the difference between an individual FPL and an RPL. |
| FLIGHT MONITORING AND IN-FLIGHT REPLANNING |
| Flight monitoring |
| Monitoring of track and time |
| State the reasons for possible deviations from the planned track and planned timings. |
| Calculate GS by using actual in-flight parameters. |
| Calculate the expected leg times by using actual in‑flight parameters. |
| Enter, in the progress of flight, at the checkpoint or turning point, the ‘actual time-over’ and the ‘estimated time-over’ for the next checkpoint into the flight plan. |
| State that it is necessary to determine the position of the aircraft accurately before commencing descent in order to ensure safe ground clearance. |
| Calculate revised ETA based on changes to the pre‑flight plan, including changes of W/V, cruise level, OAT, distances, Mach number and calibrated airspeed (CAS). |
| In-flight fuel management |
| Explain why fuel checks must be carried out in flight at regular intervals and why relevant fuel data must be recorded. |
| Assess deviations of actual fuel consumption from planned consumption. |
| Calculate fuel quantity used, fuel consumption, and fuel remaining at navigation checkpoints/waypoints. |
| Compare the actual with the planned fuel consumption by means of calculation. |
| Determine the remaining range and endurance by means of calculation. |
| Calculate the revised fuel consumption based on changes to the pre-flight plan, including changes of W/V, cruise level, OAT, distances, Mach number and CAS. |
| In-flight replanning |
| Deviation from planned data |
| State that the commander is responsible for ensuring that, even in case of diversion, the remaining fuel is not less than the fuel required to proceed to an aerodrome where a safe landing can be made, with final reserve fuel remaining. |
| Explain that, in the case of an in-flight update, the commander has to check the following: — the suitability of the new destination or alternate aerodrome; — meteorological conditions on revised routing and at revised destination or alternate aerodrome; — the aircraft must be able to land with the prescribed final reserve fuel. |
| Calculate the revised destination/alternate aerodrome landing mass from given latest data. |
